Decreased plasma clearance can indicate

The renal clearance of inulin would be B. The concentration of inulin in the afferent and efferent arteriole would be the same. Inulin would be reabsorbed in the PCT D. The following are true statements about the kidney's filter.

Glomerular blood pressure forces a nearly protein free filtrate into Bowman's Capsule. The mesangial cells on the podocytes may regulate the rate of filtration. The endothelial cells are octopus-shaped D. Extreme nervousness. Muscle twitches and muscle spasms. Disoriented and comatose. Tingling, "pins and needles" sensations. Hemoglobin buffer system. Phosphate buffer system.

Protein buffer system. Calcium buffer system. The kidney tubular cells secrete NH 3 A. When the urinary pH becomes too high. When the body is in a state of alkalosis. To buffer the acid phosphate excreted in the urine. When there is excess NH 3 in the body fluid. When severe acidosis is present, the kidney tubules secrete NH 3.

During respiratory compensation for metabolic alkalosis A. Breathing becomes faster and deeper. Breathing becomes slower and shallower. CO2 levels in the body decrease. Both B and C above are correct. In respiratory acidosis A. The pH is too low D. Respiration is increased in order to compensate E. The kidneys excrete bicarbonate to compensate The following are thiazides A. Diuril D. Butex Causes dilation of the larynx and pharynx A.

Pneumotaxic center D. Nucleus retro-ambigualis B. Nucleus ambiguous E. Botzinger's complex Inhibits respiration A. Herring Breuer Reflex E.

Botzinger's nucleus This would likely induce you to breathe, if you were holding your breath A. Increasing CO 2 C. Decreasing O 2 D. None of these Air would not be found in A.

Oropharynx D. Arytenoid sinus E. Esophagus Not part of the dead space A. Nasopharynx D. Terminal bronchioles E. None of these - all are part of the dead space C. Atrium At the end of a normal expiration when outward air flow has ceased, A. Intra-alveolar pressure is less than atmospheric pressure. Intra-alveolar pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure.

Intra-alveolar pressure is equal to atmospheric pressure. Intrapleural pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure. Intrapleural pressure is greater than intra-alveolar pressure. Small alveoli would tend to empty into larger alveoli. Larger alveoli would tend to empty into smaller alveoli. All alveoli would be easier to inflate. The surface tension in the alveoli would be reduced. Tidal volume D. Vital capacity. Functional residual capacity.

No air remains in the lungs after maximal C. Residual volume. Part of the vital capacity A. Inspiratory reserve volume E. Expiratory reserve volume The Haldane effect A. Would most likely be seen in a pulmonary capillary. Would most likely be seen in a systemic capillary. Would likely result in more O 2 being disassociated from hemoglobin.

Hemoglobin is likely in this form in the renal artery A. HHb D. KHbO 2 E. Number of vasa recta in cortical nephrons as compared to the number of vas recta in juxtaglomerular nephrons. Effect of increasing Bowman's Capsule pressure on the filtration fraction. Effect of arterial naturitic peptide ANP on aldosterone secretion. Effect of ANP on the filtration fraction. Effect of increasing systemic arterial blood pressure from a mean pressure of 80 mm to mm on the GFR.

Effect of increased flow past the macula densa on the subsequent diameter of the afferent arteriole. Effect of renin on aldosterone secretion. Effect of sympathetic activity on renin secretion. Amount of fibrinogen in renal artery as compared to the renal vein. Amount of glucose in renal artery as compared to the renal vein.

Amount of glucose in DCT as compared to the amount of glucose in the collecting duct Assume diabetes mellitus. Volume of filtrate in ascending loop of Henle as compared to volume of filtrate in Bowman's Capsule. Effect of ADH on the concentration of urine. Permeability of thick portion of the ascending Loop of Henle to urea as compared to the permeability of later portion of the collecting duct to urea.

Renal clearance of penicillin as compared to the renal clearance of inulin. Effect of stimulating the nucleus tractus solitarius on the activity of the internal intercostals.

Effect of pCO 2 on medullary chemoreceptors Direct effect. Number of cuneiform cartilage as compared to the number of corniculate. Tendency of a small alveolus to collapse as compared to a larger one. Magnitude of intrapleural pressure as compared to atmospheric pressure during expiration. Effect of increasing temperature on the p5O of hemoglobin. Effect of Bohr effect on the affinity of hemoglobin for O 2.

Define renal clearance 2. The sources of water found in a glass of orange juice A. Preformed B. Metabolic C. Fluid consumed as fluid D. Thirst is caused by A.

The effect of hypertonicity on the hypothalamic osmoreceptors B. Low extracellular volume in atria C. Aldosterone D. Part of the medulla A. Vasa recta B. Renal pyramids C. Macula densa D. Part of a cortical nephron A. Renal artery B. Interlobar artery C.

Efferent arteriole D. None of these 5. Renin A. Is stored in the vasa recta B. Causes the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II C. Directly causes vasoconstriction D. None of these 6. The following substances are secreted A. Uric acid D. Diuril B. Butex C. Esidrix D. None of these 8. Which of the following diuretics would be least likely to require adjunct therapy with slow-K A. Lasix B. Dyazide C. Diuril E. Bumetanide 9. The DRG A.

Is associated with the nucleus retro-ambigualis B. Sends impulses to the external intercostal muscles C. Is usually inactive D. Inhibits the dorsal respiratory group A. Botzingers complex B. Pneumotaxic center C. Herring Breuer reflex D. Altering this plasma constituent has the greatest influence on respiration A. CO2 C. Glucose E. Associated with nose A. Eustachian tubes B. Turbinates C.

Vestibule D. Another name for Adam's apple A. Epiglottic cartilage B. Arytenoid cartilage C. Thyroid cartilage D. Macintosh cartilage E. Part of dead space A. Atrium B. Terminal bronchioles C. Bronchi D. Surfactant A. Is produced by septal cells B.

Decreases surface tension of water in lungs D. Dissolved B. Carbaminohemoglobin C. Bicarbonate D. H2CO3 Decreases hemoglobin's affinity for O2 A. Haldane Effect C. Form of hemoglobin in carotid artery A. KHbO2 B. KHb C. HHbO2 E. In metabolic acidosis A.

Plasma Cl - are high D. In the current manuscript it was opted to lower the sampling volume in these avian species. Exogenous iohexol is preferred to creatinine to measure the GFR in avian species. Therefore, iohexol should be rather used in research to evaluate the potential of other renal function markers which could easily be assessed in clinical practice.

In conclusion, the current study determined the GFR in six different avian species. The values obtained with exo-iohexol were comparable, but significantly differed with the clearance of exogenous administered creatinine.

Iohexol is preferred to creatinine to measure the GFR in avian species, since it is not prone to tubular reabsorption nor secretion. Iohexol can be used to identify potential biomarkers of early renal dysfunction in avian species. The experiments were carried out in clinically healthy broiler chickens Ross , Gallus gallus , laying chickens Lohmann Brown-Lite, Gallus gallus dom. All birds were considered to be clinically healthy based on physical examination prior and during the experiment, macroscopic examination at necropsy after the experiment except AGP , and regular clinical testing of the AGP including physical examinations, haematology and biochemistry, and polymerase chain reaction analyses for the presence of psittacine circovirus, bornavirus and Chlamydia psittaci.

All animals were group housed per species, except the AGP singly housed in 0. All animals, except the AGP, received iohexol and creatinine by cannulating the vena cutanea ulnaris superfacialis wing vein with a gauge IV catheter Terumo versatus winged IV catheter, Terumo Europe, Leuven, Belgium.

IV administration was performed as follows. First, a bolus of After administration, the IV catheters were flushed with an equal volume of 0. Blood samples 0. Blood sampling of the AGP 0.

Exo-iohexol concentrations were determined by a validated high-performance liquid chromatography method with ultraviolet detection HPLC-UV The method was fully validated in broiler chicken plasma, followed by a more brief validation in the other avian species. Detailed method validation results can be found in Supplementary Material S1. Creatinine concentrations were determined by an in-house validated enzymatic method, as described by Van Hoek et al.

The upper and lower detection limit was 1. The method was validated in turkey plasma, followed by a more brief validation in the other avian species. Detailed method validation results can be found in Supplementary Material S2. Allometric scaling was applied on the clearance using BW and KW The plasma clearances of both markers were compared between avian species within one technique and between techniques within one bird species. Within each bird species, the effect of technique was further analysed in a mixed model with repeated measurements on technique.

The effect of technique was compared between the different sexes. The level of significance was set at 0. Pollock, C. Diagnosis and treatment of avian renal disease.

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Download references. The technical assistance of J. Muyle and J. Lambrecht was gratefully appreciated. The authors gratefully appreciated the excellent assistance of many PhD students from the Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry.

You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. All authors contributed to manuscript revision, read and approved the submitted version. Correspondence to Gunther Antonissen. Comparative physiology of glomerular filtration rate by plasma clearance of exogenous creatinine and exo-iohexol in six different avian species. Reprints and Permissions. Gasthuys, E.

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